Slide 1: Analysis and Design with UML Page 1 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 2: Agenda     Benefits of Visual Modeling History of the UML Visual Modeling with UML The Rational Iterative Development Process Page 2 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 3: What is Visual Modeling? Order Item “Modeling captures essential parts of the system.” Dr. James Rumbaugh Ship via Business Process Visual Modeling is modeling using standard graphical notations Page 3 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Computer System
Slide 4: Visual Modeling Captures Business Process Use Case Analysis is a technique to capture business process from user’s perspective Page 4 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 5: Visual Modeling is a Communication Tool Use visual modeling to capture business objects and logic Use visual modeling to analyze and design your application Page 5 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 6: Visual Modeling Manages Complexity Page 6 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 7: Visual Modeling Defines Software Architecture User Interface (Visual Basic, Java) Business Logic (C++, Java) Database Server (C++ & SQL) Model your system independent of implementation language Page 7 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 8: Visual Modeling Promotes Reuse Multiple Systems Reusable Components Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Page 8
Slide 9: What is the UML?   UML stands for Unified Modeling Language The UML combines the best of the best from – – – – Data Modeling concepts (Entity Relationship Diagrams) Business Modeling (work flow) Object Modeling Component Modeling  The UML is the standard language for visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system It can be used with all processes, throughout the development life cycle, and across different implementation technologies Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation  Page 9
Slide 10: History of the UML Nov ‘97 UML approved by the OMG Page 10 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 11: UML Supports Application Development Objects Relationships Business Objects large scale system ORDBMS Oracle Classes application partitioning Components Microsoft Scenarios CORBA OMG Business Process Use Cases ActiveX/COM Microsoft Page 11 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 12: UML Concepts  The UML may be used to: – – – – – – Display the boundary of a system & its major functions using use cases and actors Illustrate use case realizations with interaction diagrams Represent a static structure of a system using class diagrams Model the behavior of objects with state transition diagrams Reveal the physical implementation architecture with component & deployment diagrams Extend your functionality with stereotypes Page 12 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 13: Putting the UML to Work  The ESU University wants to computerize their registration system – The Registrar sets up the curriculum for a semester • One course may have multiple course offerings Students select 4 primary courses and 2 alternate courses Once a student registers for a semester, the billing system is notified so the student may be billed for the semester Students may use the system to add/drop courses for a period of time after registration Professors use the system to receive their course offering rosters Users of the registration system are assigned passwords which are used at logon validation Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation – – – – – Page 13
Slide 14: Actors  An actor is someone or some thing that must interact with the system under development Registrar Professor Student Billing System Page 14 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 15: Use Cases  A use case is a pattern of behavior the system exhibits – Each use case is a sequence of related transactions performed by an actor and the system in a dialogue Registrar -- maintain the curriculum Professor -- request roster Student -- maintain schedule Billing System -- receive billing information from registration  Actors are examined to determine their needs – – – – Maintain Curriculum Request Course Roster Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Maintain Schedule Page 15
Slide 16: Documenting Use Cases  A flow of events document is created for each use cases – Written from an actor point of view   Details what the system must provide to the actor when the use cases is executed Typical contents – – – – How the use case starts and ends Normal flow of events Alternate flow of events Exceptional flow of events Page 16 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 17: Maintain Curriculum Flow of Events  This use case begins when the Registrar logs onto the Registration System and enters his/her password. The system verifies that the password is valid (E-1) and prompts the Registrar to select the current semester or a future semester (E-2). The Registrar enters the desired semester. The system prompts the professor to select the desired activity: ADD, DELETE, REVIEW, or QUIT. If the activity selected is ADD, the S-1: Add a Course subflow is performed. If the activity selected is DELETE, the S-2: Delete a Course subflow is performed. If the activity selected is REVIEW, the S-3: Review Curriculum subflow is performed. If the activity selected is QUIT, the use case ends.      ... Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Page 17
Slide 18: Use Case Diagram  Use case diagrams are created to visualize the relationships between actors and use cases Request Course Roster Student Maintain Schedule Professor Billing System Registrar Page 18 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Maintain Curriculum
Slide 19: Uses and Extends Use Case Relationships  As the use cases are documented, other use case relationships may be discovered – – A uses relationship shows behavior that is common to one or more use cases An extends relationship shows optional behavior <<uses>> Register for courses <<uses>> Logon validation Maintain curriculum Page 19 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 20: Use Case Realizations    The use case diagram presents an outside view of the system Interaction diagrams describe how use cases are realized as interactions among societies of objects Two types of interaction diagrams – – Sequence diagrams Collaboration diagrams Page 20 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 21: Sequence Diagram  A sequence diagram displays object interactions arranged in a time sequence registration form registration manager math 101 math 101 section 1 : Student 1: fill in info 2: submit 3: add course(joe, math 01) 4: are you open? 5: are you open? 6: add (joe) 7: add (joe) Page 21 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 22: Collaboration Diagram  A collaboration diagram displays object interactions organized around objects and their links to one another 1: set course info 2: process course form : CourseForm : Registrar 3: add course aCourse : Course 4: new course Page 22 theManager : CurriculumManager Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 23: Class Diagrams   A class diagram shows the existence of classes and their relationships in the logical view of a system UML modeling elements in class diagrams – – – – Classes and their structure and behavior Association, aggregation, dependency, and inheritance relationships Multiplicity and navigation indicators Role names Page 23 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 24: Classes  A class is a collection of objects with common structure, common behavior, common relationships and common semantics Classes are found by examining the objects in sequence and collaboration diagram A class is drawn as a rectangle with three compartments Classes should be named using the vocabulary of the domain – –    Naming standards should be created e.g., all classes are singular nouns starting with a capital letter Page 24 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 25: Classes RegistrationForm RegistrationManager Course Student ScheduleAlgorithm Professor CourseOffering Page 25 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 26: Operations   The behavior of a class is represented by its operations Operations may be found by examining interaction diagrams registration form registration manager RegistrationManager 3: add course(joe, math 01) addCourse(Student,Course) Page 26 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 27: Attributes   The structure of a class is represented by its attributes Attributes may be found by examining class definitions, the problem requirements, and by applying domain knowledge Each course offering has a number, location and time CourseOffering number location time Page 27 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 28: Classes RegistrationForm RegistrationManager addStudent(Course, StudentInfo) ScheduleAlgorithm Course name numberCredits Student name major open() addStudent(StudentInfo) Professor name tenureStatus CourseOffering location open() addStudent(StudentInfo) Page 28 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 29: Relationships   Relationships provide a pathway for communication between objects Sequence and/or collaboration diagrams are examined to determine what links between objects need to exist to accomplish the behavior -- if two objects need to “talk” there must be a link between them Three types of relationships are: – – –  Association Aggregation Dependency Page 29 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 30: Relationships  An association is a bi-directional connection between classes – An association is shown as a line connecting the related classes  An aggregation is a stronger form of relationship where the relationship is between a whole and its parts – An aggregation is shown as a line connecting the related classes with a diamond next to the class representing the whole  A dependency relationship is a weaker form of relationship showing a relationship between a client and a supplier where the client does not have semantic knowledge of the supplier A dependency is shown as a dashed line pointing from the client to the supplier Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation  Page 30
Slide 31: Finding Relationships  Relationships are discovered by examining interaction diagrams – If two objects must “talk” there must be a pathway for communication Registration Manager RegistrationManager Math 101: Course 3: add student(joe) Course Page 31 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 32: Relationships RegistrationForm RegistrationManager addStudent(Course, StudentInfo) ScheduleAlgorithm Course name numberCredits Student name major open() addStudent(StudentInfo) Professor name tenureStatus CourseOffering location open() addStudent(StudentInfo) Page 32 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 33: Multiplicity and Navigation  Multiplicity defines how many objects participate in a relationships – – Multiplicity is the number of instances of one class related to ONE instance of the other class For each association and aggregation, there are two multiplicity decisions to make: one for each end of the relationship  Although associations and aggregations are bi-directional by default, it is often desirable to restrict navigation to one direction If navigation is restricted, an arrowhead is added to indicate the direction of the navigation Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation  Page 33
Slide 34: Multiplicity and Navigation RegistrationForm 0..* 1 RegistrationManager addStudent(Course, StudentInfo) ScheduleAlgorithm 1 0..* Student major Course name numberCredits open() addStudent(StudentInfo) 1 3..10 Professor tenureStatus 4 1 0..4 1..* CourseOffering location open() addStudent(StudentInfo) Page 34 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 35: Inheritance   Inheritance is a relationships between a superclass and its subclasses There are two ways to find inheritance: – – Generalization Specialization  Common attributes, operations, and/or relationships are shown at the highest applicable level in the hierarchy Page 35 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 36: Inheritance RegistrationForm RegistrationManager addStudent(Course, StudentInfo) ScheduleAlgorithm Course name numberCredits RegistrationUser name Student major open() addStudent(StudentInfo) Professor tenureStatus CourseOffering location open() addStudent(StudentInfo) Page 36 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 37: The State of an Object  A state transition diagram shows – – – The life history of a given class The events that cause a transition from one state to another The actions that result from a state change  State transition diagrams are created for objects with significant dynamic behavior Page 37 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 38: State Transition Diagram Add student[ count < 10 ] Initialization do: Initialize course Add Student / Set count = 0 Open entry: Register student exit: Increment count Cancel Cancel Canceled do: Notify registered students [ count = 10 ] Cancel Closed do: Finalize course Page 38 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 39: The Physical World   Component diagrams illustrate the organizations and dependencies among software components A component may be – – – A source code component A run time components or An executable component Page 39 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 40: Component Diagram Billing.exe Billing System Register.exe People.dll Course.dll Course User Student Course Course Offering Professor Page 40 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 41: Deploying the System  The deployment diagram shows the configuration of runtime processing elements and the software processes living on them The deployment diagram visualizes the distribution of components across the enterprise.  Page 41 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 42: Deployment Diagram Registration Database Library Main Building Dorm Page 42 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 43: Extending the UML    Stereotypes can be used to extend the UML notational elements Stereotypes may be used to classify and extend associations, inheritance relationships, classes, and components Examples: – – – Class stereotypes: boundary, control, entity, utility, exception Inheritance stereotypes: uses and extends Component stereotypes: subsystem Page 43 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 44: What the Iterative Life Cycle Is Not       It is not hacking It is not a playpen for developers It is not unpredictable It is not redesigning the same thing over and over until it is perfect It is not an excuse for not planning and managing a project It is not something that affects only the developers on a project Page 44 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 45: What the Iterative Life Cycle Is       It is planned and managed It is predictable It accommodates changes to requirements with less disruption It is based on evolving executable prototypes, not documentation It involves the user/customer throughout the process It is risk driven Page 45 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 46: Three Important Features of the Iterative Approach  Continuous integration – Not done in one lump near the delivery date Some internal; some delivered Progress measured in products, not documentation or engineering estimates  Frequent, executable releases –  Attack risks through demonstrable progress – Page 46 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 47: Resulting Benefits  Releases are a forcing function that drives the development team to closure at regular intervals – Cannot have the “90% done with 90% remaining” phenomenon   Can incorporate problems/issues/changes into future iterations rather than disrupting ongoing production The project’s supporting elements (testers, writers, toolsmiths, CM, QA, etc.) can better schedule their work Page 47 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 48: Risk Profile of an Iterative Development Inception Waterfall Elaboration Risk Construction Transition Preliminary Iteration Architect. Iteration Architect. Iteration Devel. Iteration Devel. Iteration Devel. Iteration Transition Iteration Transition Iteration Postdeployment Time Page 48 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 49: Risk Management Phaseby-Phase  Inception – Bracket the project’s risks by building a proof of concept Develop a common understanding of the system’s scope and desired behavior by exploring scenarios with end users and domain experts Establish the system’s architecture Design common mechanisms to address system-wide issues  Elaboration – – – Page 49 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 50: Risk Management Phaseby-Phase (cont.)  Construction – – – Refine the architecture Risk-driven iterations Continuous integration Facilitate user acceptance Measure user satisfaction Continue evolutionary approach Preserve architectural integrity Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation  Transition – –  Post-deployment cycles – – Page 50
Slide 51: Risk Reduction Drives Iterations Initial Project Risks Initial Project Scope Define scenarios to address highest risks Plan Iteration N • Cost • Schedule Develop Iteration N • Collect cost and Iteration N quality metrics Assess Iteration N Revise Overall Project Plan • Cost • Schedule • Scope/Content Revise Project Risks • Reprioritize Risks Eliminated Page 51 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 52: Use Cases Drive the Iteration Process Inception Elaboration Construction Transition Iteration 1 Iteration 2 Iteration 3 “Mini-Waterfall” Process Iteration Planning Rqmts Capture Analysis & Design Implementation Test Prepare Release Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Page 52
Slide 53: The Iteration Life Cycle: A Mini-Waterfall Selected scenarios • Results of previous iterations • Up-to-date risk assessment • Controlled libraries of models, code, and tests Iteration Planning Requirements Capture Analysis & Design Implementation Test Prepare Release Release description Updated risk assessment Controlled libraries Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Page 53
Slide 54: Detailed Iteration Life Cycle Activities  Iteration planning – Before the iteration begins, the general objectives of the iteration should be established based on • Results of previous iterations ( if any) • Up-to-date risk assessment for the project Determine the evaluation criteria for this iteration Prepare detailed iteration plan for inclusion in the development plan • Include intermediate milestones to monitor progress • Include walkthroughs and reviews – – Page 54 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 55: Detailed Iteration Life Cycle Activities (cont.)  Requirements Capture – – – Select/define the use cases to be implemented in this iteration Update the object model to reflect additional domain classes and associations discovered Develop a test plan for the iteration Page 55 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 56: Detailed Iteration Life Cycle Activities (cont.)  Analysis & Design – – – – Determine the classes to be developed or updated in this iteration Update the object model to reflect additional design classes and associations discovered Update the architecture document if needed Begin development of test procedures Automatically generate code from the design model Manually generate code for operations Complete test procedures Conduct unit and integration tests Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation  Implementation – – – – Page 56
Slide 57: Detailed Iteration Life Cycle Activities (cont.)  Test – – – – Integrate and test the developed code with the rest of the system (previous releases) Capture and review test results Evaluate test results relative to the evaluation criteria Conduct an iteration assessment Synchronize code and design models Place products of the iteration in controlled libraries  Prepare the release description – – Page 57 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 58: Work Allocation Within an Iteration  Work to be accomplished within an iteration is determined by – – The (new) use cases to be implemented The rework to be done High-level packages can be assigned to teams Lower-level packages can be assigned to individual developers  Packages make convenient work packages for developers – –   Use Cases make convenient work packages for test and assessment teams Packages are also useful in determining the granularity at which configuration management will be applied – Page 58 For example, check-in and check-out of individual packages Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 59: Iteration Assessment  Assess iteration results relative to the evaluation criteria established during iteration planning: – – – – Functionality Performance Capacity Quality measures  Consider external changes that have occurred during this iteration – For example, changes to requirements, user needs, competitor’s plans  Determine what rework, if any, is required and assign it to the remaining iterations Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Page 59
Slide 60: Selecting Iterations  How many iterations do I need? – On projects taking 18 months or less, 3 to 6 iterations are typical Usually Iteration length may vary by phase. For example, elaboration iterations may be shorter than construction iterations  Are all iterations on a project the same length? – – Page 60 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 61: The First Iteration  The first iteration is usually the hardest – – Requires the entire development environment and most of the development team to be in place Many tool integration issues, team-building issues, staffing issues, etc. must be resolved   Teams new to an iterative approach are usually overlyoptimistic Be modest regarding the amount of functionality that can be achieved in the first iteration – – – Otherwise, completion of the first iteration will be delayed, The total number of iterations reduced, and The benefits of an iterative approach reduced Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation Page 61
Slide 62: There Is No Silver Bullet  Remember the main reason for using the iterative life cycle: – – You do not have all the information you need up front Things will change during the development period Some risks will not be eliminated as planned You will discover new risks along the way Some rework will be required; some lines of code developed for an iteration will be thrown away Requirements will change along the way  You must expect that – – – – Page 62 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation
Slide 63: Page 63 Copyright © 1997 by Rational Software Corporation